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泌尿生殖道瘘管是在阴道和膀胱,输尿管或尿道之间存在的异常管道。泌尿生殖道瘘管可发生在盆腔区域的任何器官和结构之间。瘘管使尿液不断从阴道中流出。这可能会导致严重的残疾,对性活动的干扰以及其他身体健康问题,其影响反过来可能会对精神或情绪状态产生负面影响,包括增加社会孤立感。[1]泌尿生殖道瘘的病因(医学原因)各不相同。瘘管通常是由于受伤或手术引起的,但也可能是由于恶性肿瘤,感染,劳动时间延长和受阻所致,并在分娩,子宫切除术,放射疗法或炎症中分娩。[1]分娩困难的瘘管中,有97%发生在发展中国家。先天性泌尿生殖道瘘极少;仅记录了十个案例。[2]阴道和胃肠系统器官之间也可能存在异常通道,这些通道也可以称为瘘管。[2]:673
内容
1 分类
2 原因
3 流行病学
4 治疗
5 直肠阴道瘘
6 参考
分类
在阴道与直肠瘘的情况下,阴道与膀胱,输尿管,子宫和直肠之间可能存在异常的通道或瘘管,从而导致尿液从阴道或肠道气体和粪便进入阴道。[1] 这些阴道瘘根据缺损的起源来命名:
阴道阴道
尿道阴道
输尿管阴道
膀胱颈
子宫内膜 [2] [3]
膀胱尿道阴道 [2]
子宫宫颈
宫颈宫颈
输尿管宫颈
输尿管子宫
子宫内膜 [2]
阴道很容易形成瘘管,因为胃肠管和泌尿系统相对靠近阴道。[4]少数阴道瘘是先天性的。[5]阴道瘘的存在对生活质量有深远的影响,因为几乎没有控制尿液和粪便通过阴道的途径。[6] [7]
泌尿生殖道瘘通常根据其原因进行分类:产科瘘,先天性瘘和医源性瘘。泌尿生殖道瘘管可以按大小和更具体的解剖位置(例如“上阴道”或“阴道后壁”)进行分类。
原因
在发达国家,瘘管的病因是医源性的(由手术事故引起)。医师的错误和缺乏培训导致发展中国家的产科瘘治疗失败。[8] [6]骨盆器官损伤是造瘘的原因。[8] [4]并非由劳动阻塞引起的大多数人因受伤而发展。一个例子就是子宫切除术中器械放置不当。[9]长期使用子宫托,[10]子宫切除术,恶性疾病和骨盆照射,[4] [11] [1]骨盆手术,癌症或骨盆骨折后,会形成瘘管。[4] [12]剖宫产后有时会发现瘘管。[8]提供者在进行产科或妇科手术时也会无意中引起瘘管。医生接受的培训越多,发生尿路阴道瘘的可能性就越小。一些妇女发育出不止一个瘘管。[8] [6]
流行病学
在全球范围内,泌尿生殖道瘘中有75%是阻塞性产科瘘。因长时间分娩而发展为瘘管的女性平均年龄为28岁。因其他原因而患上瘘管的女性平均年龄为42岁。[8]骨盆小的女性更容易发生瘘管。尽管很少见,但在不育治疗的微创卵母细胞取回部分后可能会形成瘘管。[13]手术并发症引起的泌尿生殖道瘘(膀胱阴道瘘)的发生频率为每千分之0.8。[1]
治疗
通常需要外科手术来矫正通向阴道的瘘管。留置导管的保守治疗对小而新近形成的尿瘘有效。它的成功率为93%。[1] [4]使用了胶原蛋白塞,但发现不成功。[6]可以以不同的方式进行手术治疗以纠正。阴道手术成功率高达90%。可以通过腹部手术,腹腔镜和机器人辅助腹腔镜手术来完成手术矫正。[14]各种处理的频率不同。 39%的时间采用经阴道入路,36%的时间采用经腹/经膀胱入路,15%的泌尿生殖道瘘采用腹腔镜/机械手入路,3%的经腹-经阴道结合入路时间。[1]
直肠阴道瘘
主条目:直肠阴道瘘
大便异常通过阴道是由直肠阴道瘘引起的。[15]通常使用组织移植物进行手术治疗。[15] [16]肠道疾病的存在增加了直肠阴道瘘的风险。[15]肠和阴道瘘可在肠和阴道之间形成。[17]直肠阴道瘘是由炎症性肠病,克罗恩氏病,或医源性损伤和转移到其他器官引起的。[6] [18]会阴切开术会导致直肠阴道瘘的形成。[18]
另见
Reproductive organs
Urinary system
Urogenital triangle
Vaginal 囊肿
参考
Bodner-Adler B, Hanzal E, Pablik E, Koelbl H, Bodner K (2017-02-22). "Management of 膀胱阴道瘘s (VVFs) in women following benign gynaecologic surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis". PLOS One. 12 (2): e0171554. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0171554. PMC 5321457. PMID 28225769.
Hoffman B, Schorge J, Schaffer J, Halvorson L, Bradshaw K, Cunningham F (2012). Williams Gynecology (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. pp. 677–683. ISBN 9780071716727. OCLC 779244257.
Wong MJ, Wong K, Rezvan A, Tate A, Bhatia NN, Yazdany T (March 2012). "Urogenital fistula". Female Pelvic Medicine & Reconstructive Surgery. 18 (2): 71–8, quiz 78. doi:10.1097/spv.0b013e318249bd20. ISSN 2151-8378. PMID 22453314.
Priyadarshi V, Singh JP, Bera MK, Kundu AK, Pal DK (June 2016). "Genitourinary Fistula: An Indian Perspective". Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of India. 66 (3): 180–84. doi:10.1007/s13224-015-0672-2. PMC 4870662. PMID 27298528.
Fernández Fernández Já, Parodi Hueck L (September 2015). "[Congenital recto-vaginal fistula associated with a normal anus (type H fistula) and rectal atresia in a patient. Report of a case and a brief revision of the literature]". Investigacion Clinica. 56 (3): 301–307. PMID 26710545.
Maslekar S, Sagar PM, Harji D, Bruce C, Griffiths B (December 2012). "The challenge of pouch-vaginal fistulas: a systematic review". Techniques in Coloproctology. 16 (6): 405–14. doi:10.1007/s10151-012-0885-7. PMID 22956207.
Cowgill KD, Bishop J, Norgaard AK, Rubens CE, Gravett MG (August 2015). "Obstetric fistula in low-resource countries: an under-valued and under-studied problem--systematic review of its incidence, prevalence, and association with stillbirth". BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. 15: 193. doi:10.1186/s12884-015-0592-2. PMC 4550077. PMID 26306705. Women with OF also suffer significant psychosocial repercussions, including isolation, divorce, loss of social roles—including the role of mother, for those whose infants are stillborn, loss of income, stigmatization, shame and diminished self-esteem.
Raassen TJ, Ngongo CJ, Mahendeka MM (December 2014). "Iatrogenic genitourinary fistula: an 18-year retrospective review of 805 injuries". International Urogynecology Journal. 25 (12): 1699–706. doi:10.1007/s00192-014-2445-3. PMC 4234894. PMID 25062654.
Cron J. "Lessons From the 发展 World: Obstructed Labor and the Vesico-Vaginal Fistula". Medscape. Retrieved 2018-01-13.
Abdulaziz M, Stothers L, Lazare D, Macnab A (May–June 2015). "An integrative review and severity classification of complications related to pessary use in the treatment of female pelvic organ prolapse". Canadian Urological Association Journal. 9 (5–6): E400–6. doi:10.5489/cuaj.2783. PMC 4479661. PMID 26225188.
Mellano EM, Tarnay CM (October 2014). "Management of genitourinary fistula". Current Opinion in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 26 (5): 415–23. doi:10.1097/gco.0000000000000095. PMID 25105561.
Patel DN, Fok CS, Webster GD, Anger JT (December 2017). "Female urethral injuries associated with pelvic fracture: a systematic review of the literature". BJU International. 120 (6): 766–773. doi:10.1111/bju.13989. PMID 28805298.
Spencer ES, Hoff HS, Steiner AZ, Coward RM (2017). "Immediate 输尿管阴道瘘 following oocyte retrieval: A case and systematic review of the literature". Urology Annals. 9 (2): 125–130. doi:10.4103/UA.UA_122_16. PMC 5405653. PMID 28479761.
Tenggardjaja CF, Goldman HB (June 2013). "Advances in minimally invasive 修复 of 膀胱阴道瘘s". Current Urology Reports. 14 (3): 253–61. doi:10.1007/s11934-013-0316-y. PMID 23475747.
Kckerling F, Alam NN, Narang SK, Daniels IR, Smart NJ (2015). "Treatment of Fistula-In-Ano with Fistula Plug-a Review Under Special Consideration of the Technique". Frontiers in Surgery. 2: 55. doi:10.3389/fsurg.2015.00055. PMID 26528482.
Taylor D (2017-04-24). "Rectovaginal Fistula Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Medical Therapy, Surgical Therapy". Medscape.
Kraemer M, Kara D (2016). "Laparoscopic surgery of benign entero-vesical or entero-vaginal fistulae". International Journal of Colorectal Disease. 31 (1): 19–22. doi:10.1007/s00384-015-2395-3. PMC 4701784. PMID 26423060.
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