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概要
恶性肠梗阻(MBO)是患有晚期妇科癌症的女性的主要并发症,其给患者,护理人员和医疗保健系统带来了沉重的负担。 MBO的症状对于减轻症状具有挑战性,并且导致已经脆弱的患者的进行性失代偿,其具有有限的治疗选择和短的预后。然而,缺乏指导方针或创新方法来改善开发MBO的妇女的护理。 MBO是一种复杂的临床情况,需要采用多学科方法来确保适当的治疗方式和跨专业护理,以便对这些患者进行最佳管理。本综述总结了目前关于针对MBO管理的不同方法的文献,包括外科手术,化疗,全胃肠外营养和药物治疗。此外,还研究了MBO管理对患者生活质量(QOL)的影响。本文重点介绍了为MBO制定基于证据的治疗指南和MBO临床试验设计障碍的挑战,并提出了推进MBO管理的策略。协作对于设计研究至关重要,这些研究可以改善这些患者的整体护理和生活质量。需要前瞻性数据来为临床实践提供信息,为基于证据的MBO管理建立新的基准,并更好地了解MBO的生物学。
1.简介
患有晚期妇科癌症的女性中的恶性肠梗阻(MBO)是常见的并且是主要的临床挑战,因为其与诸如无法维持口服摄入,呕吐和腹痛之类的长期症状相关。卵巢癌是MBO的主要原因,也是所有妇科恶性肿瘤中最致命的[1-5]。在报道的回顾性系列研究中,多达51%的复发性卵巢癌女性[3-6]发生了MBO,MBO诊断后的中位生存期为45~169天[4,5,7-9]。对于那些接受姑息性外科手术的患者,中位生存期较长(124-408天)[5,7-10]。这些女性中的大多数会在短暂的预期寿命期间经历MBO的反复发作[11]。
认识到临床实践的差异和基于证据的治疗的未满足需求,国际MBO和临床规划委员会会议为MBO制定了一个统一的定义,以促进该领域的研究[12]。确定MBO的标准是(i)肠梗阻的临床证据(病史/身体/放射学检查),(ii)Treitz韧带以外的肠梗阻,(iii)诊断为无法治愈的疾病的腹腔内癌,或(iv) )诊断非腹腔内原发癌伴有明确的腹腔内疾病[12]。
在这里,作者将研究针对MBO管理的不同方式和方面的文献的最新进展,包括姑息性外科手术[13-28],化疗[28-30],症状的药理学管理[31-40],全胃肠外营养( TPN)[30,41-46]和MBO患者的生活质量(QOL)。
2. MBO的诊断
MBO可以是部分或完整的,可以发生在单个或多个站点。小肠梗阻比大肠梗阻更常见(分别为61%和33%)[47,48]。大多数MBO是由于胃肠道的外部压迫或功能性闭塞而发生的,这是由腹膜癌病或肠肌/神经的肿瘤浸润引起的[49]。在某些情况下,肠梗阻的病因可能与非恶性原因有关(虽然不是本次综述的重点),如先前手术,腹腔化疗,放射性肠炎或阿片类药物的粘连[17,48]。
患有晚期妇科癌症的患者可能在初次就诊时发生MBO,或者更常见于疾病复发或进展时。 MBO呈现的时间以及潜在的疾病组织学和癌症扩散程度是管理决策中需要考虑的重要因素。 MBO的呈现通常是亚急性的,具有主要症状,例如恶心,呕吐,疼痛,腹胀,无粪便或气体通过[48]。这些症状是受损肠道的膨胀 - 分泌 - 运动活动导致MBO过程持续的结果:(i)胃,胰腺和胆汁分泌物的积聚,(ii)肠腔内水和盐的吸收减少,以及(iii)增加水和盐分泌到腔内[48,50]。这些事件的累积影响是肠水肿的出现,扩张的肠袢与气体和液体潴留,以及增加的腔内压[48]。在部分MBO的情况下,这些事件可能是间歇性的,并且患者可能描述由于消化内容物的细菌液化和肠分泌过多导致的液体粪便通过[48,49]。
MBO的诊断基于临床原因确定,并通过腹部成像确认。在直立位置观察到的腹部X线片的典型发现包括在闭塞近端段中气囊水平扩张的肠袢扩张,以及闭塞远端段中气体和粪便的减少(图1)[51- 53。普通腹部X线片具有中等敏感性,范围为40-80%,用于检测小肠梗阻[51]。尽管临床症状提示阻塞,但没有放射学检查结果不应阻止临床医生诊断,因为它们可能具有继发于肠系膜浸润性疾病浸润的功能性肠梗阻。对比计算机断层扫描(CT)更有价值,因为它提供了识别部位,病因和梗阻程度的诊断精确度,并可确认并发症,如叠加性缺血和肠穿孔(图1)[51]。在疑似MBO的情况下口服造影剂的使用是有争议的,碘化造影剂(胃泌素)的使用优于钡,因为它是可吸收的并提供类似的放射学定义[52]。
图1
射线照相图像显示恶性肠梗阻。 (a)直立位置的腹部X光片显示多个气液水平与小肠梗阻(SBO)一致。 (b)计算机断层扫描(CT)确认了一个高位的SBO。 (c)直立位置的腹部X光片显示大肠梗阻(LBO)。 (d)CT显示与LBO一致的扩张和充满液体的大肠环。
3. MBO的外科干预
对于具有良好功能状态和潜在癌症治疗选择的选定MBO患者,手术干预可以成功地重建肠功能[10,18,48]。大肠梗阻与严重的发病率和穿孔和死亡风险相关,保守治疗通常不适合这种情况。大肠梗阻的主要手术方法包括转移造口而不是主要切除和吻合或旁路[1,54]。没有勒死的小肠梗阻主要采用保守措施治疗,因为它通常与继发于腹膜癌病的多灶性小肠受累有关[1,54]。只有少数人会被考虑用于小肠切除吻合术或内部旁路[1]。
对868名MBO患者进行的系统评价显示,手术能够缓解阻塞性症状(32-100%),能够恢复改良饮食(45-75%),并促进患者成功出院(34-87%) [54]。在另一项研究中发现了类似的结果,该研究在多学科护理模式下检查了MBO的治疗结果[10]。与接受药物治疗的患者相比,手术组的中位生存期更长(p = 0.025),住院时间缩短(p = 0.02),疼痛减轻更有效(p = 0.001),化疗线数量更多(p = 0.02),和较低的再梗阻率(p = 0.02)[10]。对26例卵巢癌患者进行了前瞻性结果分析,这些患者接受了姑息性手术,包括肠道转移手术(n = 8),肠道旁路/切除术(n = 6)和内镜手术(n = 12)[9]。大多数(n = 23,88%)报告在30天内总体症状改善或MBO消退,并且在16天患者中实现了60天的持续症状控制[9]。这些上述研究有利于在具有某些临床特征的高度选择的患者中考虑姑息性手术,包括良好的性能状态,较长的无治疗间隔,缺失/小体积腹水,单一部位疾病和白蛋白水平[28,55]。这也与欧洲姑息治疗协会的建议一致,即在表现不佳,腹腔内癌症和大量腹水的患者中不应常规进行手术[47]。只有少数报道的系列研究了混合结果的这些临床变量,似乎将临床变量集体评估到风险评分系统可能预测手术结果[4,10,56-58]。
至关重要的是,关于手术的现实目标和局限性的讨论会发生,因为它会带来重大风险,手术死亡率为6%至32%,发病率为7%至44%,具体取决于类型和环境(紧急与选择性)手术[1,13,21,22,54]。再次入院(6-47%),住院再入院(38-74%)以及手术住院的风险相当大,可能会占用患者剩余生命的很大一部分(11-61%)[54]。 Cochrane评价检查了手术在继发于晚期妇科和胃肠癌的MBO中的作用,并纳入了43项研究的数据,共有4265名参与者[17]。由于比较不同的外科手术程序,临床结果的多样性定义,异质性临床实践以及这些研究中的选择偏倚,所以不能得出确切的结论[17]。因此,姑息性手术的作用仍然存在争议,只应考虑患有更有利疾病因素和疾病治疗选择的患者。
在一些MBO病例中,使用自膨胀金属支架(SEMS)进行胃出口梗阻和左侧结肠梗阻的微创方法可行。与开放手术相比,这种手术的病态较少,并且能够在不需要创建造口的情况下恢复肠功能[22,24]。 SEMS作为姑息性手术或作为手术桥梁的益处已被很好地描述为具有较低的总体发病率和临时/永久性造口的比率[22-26,59]。还认识到手术成功率在很大程度上依赖于操作者的专业知识和资源,并且穿孔风险的整体并发症发生率可低至3.4%,大出血风险可降低0.5%[27]。
对于不能手术但有症状的患者,可以放置胃造口术,以避免长时间使用鼻胃管进行消化减压,尤其是长期呕吐为主要症状的患者[20,50,60-62]。尽管腹水患者存在并发症并发症,但放射性胃造口术的放置显示是可行的[20,60-62]。及时排出胃造口术可有利于减少多种药物负担以控制内脏症状,避免医院/鼻胃管干预的重复住院,允许食用改良饮食以提高舒适度,并促进家庭或社区姑息治疗单位的持续出院[61] 。
4. MBO的化疗
化学疗法在MBO中的作用是治疗潜在的疾病,需要仔细考虑预期的反应和耐受性。鉴于MBO患者通常被排除在临床试验之外,文献中的数据非常有限。此外,大多数MBO患者将接受多系列化疗,因此不太可能产生临床上有意义的反应,从而导致MBO的消退[41,46]。为晚期妇科癌症和MBO患者开出的化疗类型可能包括铂类疗法,紫杉烷类疗法或吉西他滨[30]。考虑剂量调整或每周一次的方案是常见的,因为MBO患者由于其营养状态普遍受损而具有较高的毒性和并发症风险。
两项回顾性研究对MBO患者的化疗和TPN进行了调查,结果显示中位生存期分别为72天和93天[30,41]。与单独使用TPN相比,接受MBO诊断后接受化疗和TPN的患者中位生存期更长[30,41]。 Chouhan等。还报告了82例患者中10例小肠梗阻的消退,其中5例仅归因于化疗,其余患者接受了其他干预措施,如手术[30]。值得注意的是,该研究还包括接受转移性疾病一线治疗的晚期胃肠癌患者(尽管患有化学敏感性疾病)。总体而言,目前可用于支持在患有MBO的晚期妇科癌症患者中使用化学疗法的文献仍然有限,并且在从具有优势非肿瘤性癌症的较大MBO系列推断数据时应当谨慎行事。
5. MBO中的全胃肠外营养(TPN)
由于担心对QOL的影响,并发症的风险增加以及文献中缺乏已证实的益处,TPN在转移性,不治之症患者中的应用受到阻碍[30,44,45]。欧洲临床营养与代谢学会(ESPEN)和美国肠外营养与肠内营养学会(ASPEN)等专家委员会已制定了一般指南,但对MBO患者的建议仍然模糊[63,64]。
研究在晚期妇科癌症和MBO患者中使用TPN的研究报告,短期中位总生存期为40-93天[30,41,42,65,66]。在这些研究中,并发症的发生率变化很大,从4%到54%不等[30,41,42],它们主要包括导管相关感染,较少见的是深静脉血栓形成和TPN相关性肝病[67]。
在这些报告的研究中,总有一小部分患者能够存活一段时间(6个月时存活率为24%,1年后存活率为8%),可能是由于TPN和基于生物学的相对疾病稳定性[30] ,41,66-70]。可以合理地假定某些疾病组织学/生物学(例如低级别浆液性卵巢癌)和癌症扩散到内脏器官可能与更好的存活率相关。然而,有限的信息可以确定可以预测TPN持续受益的特征。 Bozzetti等人。提示格拉斯哥预后评分(GPS)为零,Karnofsky表现状态(KPS)> 50,肿瘤扩散(局部 - 局部区域疾病)是TPN后3个月以后生存的重要预后因素[66]。结合这三个临床变量可以区分患者亚组,其在6个月时的存活率为43.7%而不是5%。开发了基于这些参数的列线图,可以估计预期存活率(3个月和6个月的存活概率),需要进一步验证。在更好地理解MBO的生物学和疾病进化的同时,这个提议的诺模图可以帮助促进健康专业人员及其患者的平衡讨论和决策。正在开展更多工作以改进拟议的诺模图,包括额外的预测因子并确定其临床效用[71]。
TPN在MBO患者中的效用的经济影响或成本效益缺乏,需要加以考虑[70]。一项系统评价表明,无法手术的MBO患者TPN的增量成本效益比(ICER)高达每质量调整生命年176,587英镑(QALY;相当于312,071加元)[70]。在加拿大,ICER大于10万加元的干预通常被视为对资源的不良使用,尽管阈值经常被争论并且不代表广泛接受的标准[72]。此外,这些阈值不考虑疾病生物学,治疗反应和肠梗阻的可逆性。
虽然目前尚不清楚如何最好地选择从TPN获得更多益处的小亚组患者,但必须尽早与患者和家属建立平衡的深入讨论和现实期望,以强调在MBO中使用TPN的局限性和TPN应该停止使用。需要有关生活质量的数据,以更好地为MBO患者的TPN价值做出决策,以及在可能获得福利之前所需的最小生存期是多少。
6. MBO的药理学管理
MBO中的医疗管理旨在减少炎症和腔内压力和分泌物,以及缓解疼痛和令人痛苦的症状。基于糖皮质激素,阿片类镇痛药,止吐药和抗分泌药物的多模式医学治疗可以实现MBO的良好症状控制[10,35,39,48,73]。大多数MBO患者不能耐受口服药物;因此,考虑替代给药方法,例如静脉内,皮下和透皮。药物的剂量和选择是高度个性化和可变的[10,35,69]。还必须根据MBO的轨迹和治疗反应定期调整药物治疗方案。建立了姑息治疗指南,如国家综合癌症网络[74],以帮助临床医生制定适当的处方。
很少有研究使用类固醇[31-35],生长抑素类似物[35-38]和奥氮平[40]来缓解MBO的症状。一项研究调查35名患者使用地塞米松(剂量范围高达16 mg)的研究显示,与安慰剂相比,地塞米松患者MBO自发消退率更高,分别为37%和22%[31]。另一项研究评估了52名患者使用甲基强的松龙(240 mg或40 mg与安慰剂对比3天),并显示甲基强的松龙组症状改善的趋势(59%对33.5%,p = 0.08)[33]。总的来说,有一种趋势支持在MBO中使用类固醇,并且副作用通常可以很好地耐受[34]。在这种情况下长期使用糖皮质激素的担忧包括感染风险,胃溃疡和情绪波动,因此如果观察到最小的反应,应该迅速减少[73]。最近,Obita等人。在MBO管理中对生长抑素类似物进行了系统评价,发现基于7项符合条件的研究(共427名患者)建立的高度可变的主要结果,生长抑素类似物没有观察到的益处[36]。尽管如此,生长抑素类似物似乎具有良好的耐受性,并且由于毒性而没有辍学,如随机对照试验(RCT)所报道的[36,75]。
阿片类药物镇痛是一种常用且有效的药物,用于减轻晚期癌症的疼痛,这得到了WHO指南的支持[76,77]。 MBO的疼痛可能是绞痛(痉挛和间歇性)或连续性[12,50]。关于MBO的最佳镇痛剂的数据非常有限;然而,专家们赞成使用阿片类镇痛药,因为它可以绕过口服途径(静脉内,皮下,舌下或透皮)给药,对肠蠕动的抑制作用实际上可以缓解绞痛[12,50,78]。
7.生活质量(QOL)
关于生活质量和成本分析的数据在MBO的文献中一直缺乏[26]。这些数据至关重要,特别是在评估晚期疾病患者的姑息管理时。 MBO的分辨率通常被用作改善QOL的替代标志物。肠道功能恢复及其对QOL的测量已经在接受支架或转移结肠造口术的患者中进行了评估[79,80]。虽然两种方法均可有效缓解MBO症状,但支架置入与胃肠功能相关的QOL改善[81]。
根据埃德蒙顿症状评估量表(ESAS)和鹿特丹症状检查表(RSCL)[82]测量,一项前瞻性研究评估了MBO诊断后35例非妇科癌症患者的3个月QOL变化。这表明,除了活动水平和心理功能外,治疗(手术/化疗/支持治疗)的许多参数的总体基线QOL和随后QOL的显著改善为1周和1个月(p <0.05)[82]。 QOL评分的整体改善在一个月后趋于稳定,并在三个月时保持相似[82]。值得注意的是,尽管整体生活质量有所改善,但心理困扰在三个月仍然高度排名。
一项以美国为基础的研究调查了52名接受TPN的晚期癌症患者的QOL,营养状况和功能结果,这些患者使用经过验证的方法,如EORTC-QLQ-C30,KPS和主观综合评估(SGA)[83]。所有这些患者也接受了积极治疗,包括化疗,放疗或激素治疗[83]。该研究表明,TPN与全球生活质量(增加6.3分,p <0.001),营养状况(体重1.3千克,p = 0.009)和功能状态(KPS增加5.8,p <0.001)的显著改善相关。增量月份,三个月收益最大[83]。
8.优化MBO治疗的挑战
由于在已经脆弱的患者群体中治疗范例的固有异质性,MBO的RCT数据很少。获得这种水平的证据具有挑战性,并且正在进行非常有限的临床试验(表1)。报告的大多数干预研究都是回顾性的,针对特定MBO环境中的单一治疗方式。除了诸如不受控制的并发治疗之类的混杂变量之外,每个干预仅针对MBO事件的特定时间点,因此不通知这些患者的纵向MBO轨迹。一项前瞻性研究对35名MBO患者进行了为期两年的单一机构研究,并提供了对多模式干预的协作方法和对这些患者多次插入住院的症状缓解的见解[69]。然而,这项研究特别排除了妇科癌症患者[69]。因此,有必要进行一项前瞻性研究,检查晚期/复发性妇科癌症的纵向MBO轨迹。
表格1
目前有效的临床试验调查恶性肠梗阻。
由于临床环境的复杂性和定义主要结果测量的变化,已经证明为MBO设计的临床试验是困难的。关于什么构成MBO症状控制的临床相关研究终点,一直存在争论。例如,作者何时应该期望看到干预的益处,益处的持续时间,以及对患者和护理人员来说临床相关的益处大小[36]? MBO的亚急性和复发性质也阻碍了适当评估治疗有效性的能力。因此,对MBO进行前瞻性临床试验是必要的,需要多学科团队的努力来确定复杂的护理方法并改进治疗策略。
9.结论和观点
MBO是晚期妇科癌症的一种具有挑战性的并发症,特别是在卵巢癌中。临床决策涉及不同方法的复杂考虑,目前的文献中提供的指导有限。只有一小部分MBO患者似乎从手术干预中受益,并且使用化学疗法和TPN存在争议,这凸显了进一步研究的必要性。大多数MBO患者接受了医疗管理,重点是症状控制和生活质量。早期整合姑息治疗对于MBO症状的管理至关重要,并有助于讨论治疗期望和护理目标[55,73,84]。
MBO患者可以在医院专家团队的门诊环境中进行管理,并得到社区护理服务的支持,例如家庭姑息治疗服务,社区护理和家庭护理服务。这种动态的护理模式似乎是可行的,并允许患者在家中得到支持[85]。 MBO患者可以由一组医生和护士密切监控,他们可以相应地管理他们的症状,从而减轻不必要的急诊科就诊。关于MBO的教育也是使患者(及其护理人员)有信心管理症状以及何时寻求帮助的关键。
在这种复杂的护理中,建立一个多学科护理平台,以便在患者通过不同的医疗服务提供者时建立共识治疗策略,这似乎是改善这一人群护理的合理方法,特别是在门诊管理方面。这促进了跨学科的有效沟通,并确保患者获得一致的护理计划。此外,多学科平台将促进在设计和实施MBO最佳实践机构流程和研究提案方面的合作(图2)。目前正在进行一项前瞻性研究,该研究采用专门的多学科团队方法检查晚期妇科癌症患者的MBO疾病轨迹(NCT03260647,表1)。该研究中包含使用患者报告的结果评估门诊MBO管理方法和生活质量。在优化MBO患者护理的挑战中,妇科癌症组之间的协作方法将有助于建立最佳实践指南并实施可行的MBO研究以优化对MBO患者的护理。
图2
跨专业的恶性肠梗阻管理团队整合临床护理和研究。
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