腹腔镜妇科手术输尿管损伤

URETERIC INJURIES DURING LAPAROSCOPIC GYNECOLOGICAL OPERATIONS

Dr. Evin Nil UĞURLU, MD.
MEMORIAL HOSPITAL, Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology,
İSTANBUL,TURKEY
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To review the literature, regarding ureteral injuries, that occured during laparoscopic gynecological operations and determine preventive methods.
MATERIAL-METHOD: We have evaluated all the articles related with ureteral injuries of laparoscopic operations between the years 2000 and 2010 and selected 14 of them.
RESULTS: The rate of injury is 0.093-1.1%. Most of the injuries occured at distal third of ureter due to close proximity to uterine artery. Unfortunately, most of the injuries were diagnosed post operatively. The most common injury type was thermal injury and the treatment of choice was often by laparatomy, particularly ureteroneocystostomy.The best way to prevent injury is, a through knowledge of pelvic anatomy and principles of electrosurgery together with enough expertise.
CONCLUSION: Ureteric injury prevention and if occured, timely diagnosis is prudent to prevent serious morbidities.

KEY WORDS: Ureteral injury, laparoscopic gynecologic operation, prevention
INTRODUCTION
Nowadays, as the laparoscopic gynecological surgeries become more popular, concerns about safety and complications have aroused as well. Although, the complications of gynecological laparoscopic surgeries are supposed to be low , occuring in 3-6 /1000 (1), up to date, there has not been aggrement about whether laparoscopy increases the rate of ureteral complications or not. Overall, the incidence of ureteral injury is estimated to be 0.03-2.0 % for abdominal hysterectomy, 0.02-0.5% for vaginal hysterectomy and 0.2-6.0% for laparoscopic hysterectomy (2). Pappala et at.(3) evaluated 72 ureteral injuries over 21 years and reported that, 64% of ureteral injuries were caused by gynecological operations. And the most common operation responsible for this complication was hysterectomy ( 49%).
The most common injury type was thermal injury in most of the articles where injury type were mentioned.( 4,5,6,7,8,9)

The other injury types are:
- Ligation or kinking by suture
- Stapling devices
- Lacerations
- Complete or partial transections
Most of the ureteral injuries occured at distal third portion where it is  close to uterine artery and uterosacral ligaments, due to close proximity ( 3,4,6). The other places of injury are; pelvic brim and infindibulopelvic ligaments (6). Leonard et. al, after 13 year experience , have suggested that, as lons as the surgeons' are experienced enough at laparoscopic surgeries, the ureteric injury rate may be comparable with open hysterectomies, that is 0.2-0.4%.They reported  in their own study, this rate to be 0.3 %. In other words  they have concluded that, laparoscopic hysterectomy does not increase the risks of ureteral complications (4). They drew attention to predisposing risk factors, now that all of the injuries happened at patiens with predisposing  factors. These were, previous abdominal surgery, endometriosis and big myoma in broad ligament , all of which may distort the normal anatomic pathway of ureter rendering  it to injury. The risk of ureteral injuries elevate in the presence of predisposing factors such as endometriosis, pelvic adesions or large pelvic masses where the anatomy as well as the corse of ureter have distorted. But it is imperative to note that, half of the injuries in laparoscopic hysterectomy happen during  simple  cases ( 4,6). One of the most important points regarding ureteral injuries is that, they are often diagnosed postoperatively. Particularly thermal injuries are more difficult to detect now that heat induced necrosis takes time to develop( 1,3,4). Riberio et al (11) evaluated 278 patients who underwent hysterectomies. They performed peroperative cystoscopy to determine its use in order to detect ureteral injuries intraoperatively. They conclude  that,Intra-operative cystoscopy allows early recognition and treatment of all obstructive ureteral injuries and may reduce the postoperative rate of complications during advanced laparoscopic procedures. But Elvis et al ( 7). state that, although screening with cystoscopy confirms bladder integrity and can exclude ureteric occlusive lesions, one of the main drawbacks is that; it may miss ischemic injury or tear at ureter. That is why, they only suggest this procedure for complicated cases only, not routinely. Leonard also recommended cystoscopy after injection of indigo carmin to check for bladder and ureter integrity for difficult cases.They consider the value of this procedure to be much higher at surgeries in which suture rather than bipolar coagulation is used for uterine artery hemostasis. The major drawbeck of cystoscopy is ; it may not detect some other injuries especially the ones caused by electrosurgıcal instruments (1,4,6). If diagnosed intaroperatively, thjese injuries shuld immediately be repaired with experienced surgeon accompanying.Minor injuries such as small hole caused by a sharp instrument or just a blanched area of thermal damage may be treated conservatively with stenting and continous baldder drainage only, while major cases should be managed according to extend, type and location of injuries (1,3).
Mode of injury for most of the repairs were surgery with laparotomy ( 3, 4, 6 ,8, 9, 11, 12, 13). In only two articles, the operations were done by laparoscopic route and were uneventful ( 10,13). Historically these repairs have been performed by laparatomy like resection, reanastomosis and  reimplantation to urinary bladder. But nowadays  these procedures habe begun to be done by laparoscopic approach and yield good results. (1). Ricco et. al (10) reported 4 patients with ureter injury who were treated by laparoscopically and all of them had good outcomes. Then they  have stated that , laparoscopic management of ureteral injuries should be the first method of choice and report that  removal of a suture or stricture,  stent insertion, suturing for laceration, reanastomosis over a stent and even reimplantation have become feasible with laparoscopic approach. Now  that most of the lesions are recognised post operatively, the surgeon should have high degree of suspician whenever the patient has signs and symptoms of, abdominal and flank pain, abdominal tenderness, abdominal distension, fever, watery discgarge from vagina , nausea and vomiting, and request blood tests and radiological investigations in the form of intravenous pyelogram or contrast enhanced computed tomography (1,4,6,8). Pappalaet al.( 3) evaluated 72 ureteric injuries during 21 year time period and stated that; the predominating factor determining the prognosos regarding ureteric injuries was the time of diagnosis. Whenever surgeon suspects any injury during operation, he or she should explore the ureter immediately.
PREVENTIVE MEASURES ( 4,6,7,8)

• Appropriate patient selection preoperatively, determining risk factors if possible
• Knowledge of pelvic anatomy , especially the entire course of ureter
• Knowledge of electrosurgical principles and using them appropriately ( depth, penetration, spread). I
• Adequate visualization
• Ureteral identification at all times during surgery
• For high risk patients, adhesiolysis, ureterolysis and retroperitoneal approach
• For difficult and suspicious cases, peroperative cystoscopy with intravenous injection of indigo carmine dye to look for spiilage from ureteral orifices to ensure bladder integrity and rulo out ureteral obstruction
• Bipolar coagulation of uterine arteries should be performed only at the level of ascending branch to remain as far from ureter as possible.
• Surgeon's experince is a very important factor that determine the complication rate.
• Collaboration with urological surgeon.
• Leonard have not been in favour of ureteral stent placement, because they think that this procedure may cause some complications. They suggest that every surgeon should have the ability to gain access to retroperitoneal space and perform ureterolysis in difficult cases. If bleeding occurs during this process, hemostasis shuld be performed by endoscopic clips rather than bipolar coagulation to avoid thermal injuries. Monash et. al ( 14) evaluated complications of laparoscopic injuries and as a preventive measure, suggest uterine morcellation for large fibrois before taken out from vagina, not to tear the walls.This avoids potantial excessive bleeding and its complications like ureter injury due to suturing for hemostatsis adjacent to the ureters.
  

CONCLUSION:
Although laparoscopic pelvic surgery gain a lot of acceptance and popularity, actually it is still a relatively new way of approach. The most important factor related with its success is experience. Whether laparoscopic approach increases ureteric complications or not, is not very clear. The most important point we want to emphasize is prevention.A good knowledge of pelvic anatomy, the entire course of ureter during operation and  basic principles of electrosurgery are mandatory. Now that, recognition mostly is possible  some time after operation, we should be very cautious when the consequences of these injuries are concerned, such as impairment of renal function, and even loss of entire kidney.Finally, we want to draw attention to mode of injury repair. Many of the articles favor laparoscopic route as the mode of treatment and we think that this approach will gain popularity in a short time period.
REFERANCES
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