腹腔镜与开腹手术在原发性子宫内膜癌的手术治疗比较【英文讲义】

Laparoscopy versus Laparotomy  for primary surgical management of endometrial cancer

Dr. Maria Anna Sabelli
Consultant Gynecologist
Milano Italy P.O. Box 20154
Milano Milano
20154 Italy

Project submitted towards completion of Diploma in Minimal Access Surgery, World Laparoscopy Hospital, India 110018

Abstract:

Purpose:  The aim of this study is to review qualified literature to compare the laparoscopic (MAS) with the abdominal (TAS) approach for treatment of patients with endometrial carcinoma

Methods :   We search  for all clinical trial, comparative prospective and retrospective studies,  and cohort studies throw Cochrane Central Register of controlled trial, Medline, EMBASE, NCI.

Results:  Were found five Randomized Clinical trial LAVH or TLH versus Abdominal Hysterectomy and nine comparative reliable studies.
We proceeded to analyze these study to compare  MAS versus TAS  first surgery to manage endometrial cancer Overall Survival (OS), Disease free survival (DFS),  recurrence, surgery and post surgery complication,
Concordance of results between RCT and Comparative studies give value at: OS and DFS independent variables from the access technique but size sample is not sufficient in both, comparative and RCT, to definitively accreditatethis purpose.
Intraoperative complications and Postoperative more frequent significantly in TAS.

Conclusion
LAVH and TAH seem to be save in endometrial cancer I to III FIGO stage  patients  with less side effect but more evidence needs about OS, DFS and recurrences by site. Vaginal recurrence and urologic complications need more attention. Lack of consensus agreement about surgery techniques for extrafascial total hysterectomy in MAS often not permit comparability of the studies. Doubts persist about vault and pelvic and port side recurrence in MAS technique.

Keywords:  endometrial cancer, endometrial neoplasm, Laparoscopic assisted vaginal hysterectomy, Trans Abdominal Hysterectomy, Total Laparoscopic Hysterectomy.

Backgraund

Traditionally staging endometrial cancer (1) is performed through a laparotomy (TAS) but growing instruments and skills for Minimal Access Surgery (MAS) increased over in the World performing, in the clinical practice, surgery and staging endometrial cancer laparoscopically.
Some studies suggest that the laparoscopic approach results in a reduction
in postoperative morbidity also in overweight and elderly women
(2) (3), in comparable intraoperative complications and perhaps similar Overall Survival and Desease free Survival (4), (5), (6).
The effectiveness of the new surgical technical approach for staging endometrial cancer Laparoscopy assisted vaginal hysterectomy (LAVH) and Total Laparoscopic Hysterectomy (TLH) with attention to the main outcome it is not yet established.
The risk of port site metastases and the risk of vaginal recurrence are not established.  
All studies found less hospital stay, operative time longer in MAS, similar possibility to execute a correct staging for I and II stage with more linphonodes in MAS.
The aim of this study is to review qualified literature to compare overall survival (OS), Disease free survival (DFS), surgery and post surgery complication, in open versus MA surgery to manage endometrial cancer.
.
Material and Methods:

We search for clinical trial and comparative studies for all stages endometrial cancer in woman managed with surgery as first step therapy throw Cochrane Central Register of controlled trial, Medline, EMBASE, NCI.

Type of surgery: LAVH and TLH and TAH

End point for searching: DFS, OS, Recurrences, Complication intraoperative (Blood loss, urinary tract injury, bowel injury, vessel injury) and postoperative (Infection, DVT, hematoma).

We searched  with   :

1) Endometrial cancer
2) Endometrial neoplasm
3) Endometrial carcinoma
4) Laparoscopic Assisted Vaginal Hysterectomy
5) Total Laparoscopic Hysterectomy
6) LAVH
7) TLH
8) Controlled clinical trial
9) Randomized controlled trial
10) Clinical trial
And mesh the terms

We looked at type of study design, size of study and duration of follow up.
And chose to extend the search also to comparative clinical study because the size of RCT was really too small and too short in follow up to evaluate OS, DFS, Recurrence.

This is not a systematic review and no statistic analyses have been performed. A systematic review will be performed by Cochrane Collaborative Oncology Group (18).
Data abstraction was directly by full test of the publications in the Journals.

Results

We found five RCT that are shown in the figure 1.
All compare LAVH or TLH with TAH. We consider together LAVH and TLH (MAS) because the majority of the studies compare LAVH with TAH and very few TLH (20) (21) (13).
We found 3 publications from Tozzi and Malur (6) (8) (9) and there is some doubt about the independence of the cases reported. . It would be possible that one RCT was reported on going.
The total number of randomized patients is 429 but only 261 if the three publications by Tozzi and Malur are not independent.
We would have had ask them about.

                               
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Figure 1

The median follow up in Tozzi and Malur is sufficient to exclude 80% recidive but this is not true for Fram and Tozzi because the time of follow up is less of 1 year.
All trials admitted woman with diagnosis of endometrial carcinoma without selection of histological type.
The trial from GOG J Walker with a sample size adequate had been closed in 2006 but we are attending for results. From preliminary report we can see that the rate of convertions is higher ( 23%) than that of  RCT (12)
Tozzi (6) and Malur (8) (9) admitted stage I to III, Fram (10) and Zullo (11) admitted woman with estimated I stage endometrial cancer.
Tozzi and Malur perfomed LAVH also with coagulation of uterine artery during laparoscopy time at the origin from internal iliac artery without transaction.
Fram catch the artery during vaginal time. Zullo refer to LAVH previous description. Not all studies reported if and which kind of uterine manipulator was used in LAVH performed.
Malur (8) performed “abdominal hysterectomy extrafascially”.
The convertion rate to open surgery is not always given.
In figure 2 is shown the sizes of the comparative studies. Total number of patients was 1532 and all authors declare the comparability of the groups but Wang (19) and Obermair (20) for bias of distribution of stage in the two groups.
The conversion rate results range between 2% and 46 % and the median follow up period is longer (than RCT until now) between 23 and 53 months.

Fram and Zullo don’t give information about the surgical way for cutting uterine artery.

                               
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Obermair A Retr 2005

Obese All

78

47

31

5 (10,6)

23,8

Figure2

Recurrences, OS and DFS from RCT and comparative are in figure 3 and 4

                               
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Figure 3

RCT found no significant differences in OS, DFS.
This conclusion is the same in the nine studies comparative with a longer time of median follow up. (Fig 4)
Recurrences is not so different in the groups if we exclude Obemair and Kalogianidis that declare bias for Stage I different distribution and found more recurrences in the MAS group.

                               
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Figure 4

Obermaier (21) found a better DFS in TAS than in MAS for the bias.
The size of RTC studies permits quite good evaluation of some complications like blood loss intraoperative and overall complication postoperative but not rare complications like injury and DVT or deaths surgery correlate (Fig 5).

                               
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Figure 5

From the comparative studies there is confirm that postoperative complication are reduced by MAS. (Fig 6)
Reduction is significant for the infection complications.
The rate of intraoperative complications is less in MAS in the RCT studies but not in comparative studies where not significant differences were found.
The blood loss is significantly less in MAS than in TAS but postoperative transfusions was no so different.

Comparative Studies. Complications

                               
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Figure 6

Conclusion
It seems safe to perform MAS for staging endometrial cancer.
We must expect more conversions than we thought, also in I and II stage cancer.
We have only few observations about recurrences. It seems that MAS approach doesn’t’ change the rate of port side recurrences and abdominal recurrences. We need more confirms that cells are not spread in the abdominal cavity by CO2 insufflation.
More follow up time and the Walker GOG trial results we hope will give us more certainties.,
Postoperative complications are less in MAS and for the intraoperative complications we can hope that increasing skills will give more advantage to the MAS technique.
More consensus about extrafascial hysterectomy needs. This can influence recurrences.
The laparoscopic way to perform LAVH is described ( Childers M 1993, 1992 and McCartney 1995) but division of the uterine vessels sometime is performed during the laparoscopy time, sometime during vaginal approach
The actual tendency to prefer to perform LTH open new problems about uterine manipulator save for the integrity of endometrial line after surgery.
Tube manipulator has been proposed by Obemair.
RCT proposed by Janda (24) 2006  that compare TLH with TAH is the replay to respond questions MAS versus TAS in a really similar way to perform staging endometrial cancer quality surgery.

Bibiography

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